Gripper Heads for Manipulators: A Complete Guide
The gripper head is a critical component of an industrial manipulator. It is the end-effector that comes into direct contact with the handled object, ensuring its secure grasping, transport, and release. A properly selected gripper head is essential for the successful and efficient use of a manipulator.
Key Factors in Selecting a Gripper Head
Choosing the optimal gripper head begins with a thorough analysis of your application's requirements. Key parameters to consider include:
- Physical properties of the object (dimensions, weight, material)
- Environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, presence of dirt or chemicals)
- Required precision and speed of manipulation
- Frequency of use and expected service life
- Specific requirements for safety and hygiene
Overview of Basic Types of Gripper Heads
Mechanical Grippers
A traditional and proven solution for a wide range of applications. Known for their robustness and reliability. Available in various forms:
- Two-finger for standard gripping
- Three-finger for more accurate object centering
- Specialized jaws for specific shapes and materials
Mechanical-Pneumatic Grippers
These grippers use a classical mechanical principle for gripping, enhanced by pneumatic components to extend functionality. In the image below, the pneumatic part enables object release at the end of the manipulation process.
Pneumatic Grippers
These grippers rely entirely on a pneumatic system to grasp the object. The images below show various pneumatic gripper designs.
Vacuum Suction Frames
An ideal choice for handling flat and smooth objects. Key advantages include:
- Low energy consumption when properly configured
- Gentle handling with minimal risk of damage
- Ability to grip multiple objects at once
- High flexibility thanks to various suction cup types
Magnetic Grippers
A specialized solution for handling ferromagnetic materials, offering:
- Instant gripping and release
- High load capacity in compact dimensions
- Maintenance-free operation
- Can handle hot materials (although this significantly reduces magnet lifespan)
Special and Combined Grippers
For demanding applications, advanced solutions exist, including:
- Sensor systems for grip control
- Combination of different gripping principles
- Adaptive systems that conform to object shapes
Drive and Control Systems
Pneumatic Systems
- Requires quality compressed air
- Good price/performance ratio
- Easy implementation
Electric Systems
- Precise control of force and position
- Easy integration with control systems
- Higher initial cost
Materials and Construction
The material selection for the gripper head greatly influences its performance:
- Aluminum alloys offer a good strength-to-weight ratio
- Steel structures excel in harsh industrial environments
- Stainless steel is standard for food and pharmaceutical industries
Conclusion
Choosing the right gripper head is crucial. A thorough requirement analysis, understanding of available technologies, and consultation with experts will help you find the optimal solution for your application.